Arbitrum, created by the Offchain Labs team, is an Ethereum Layer2 scaling solution based on Optimistic Rollup technology. It leverages the ability to communicate between L1 and L2, allowing any form of Ethereum asset to be transferred between Layer 1 and Layer 2 without the need for trust. Even though Arbitrum transactions are still settled on Ethereum, only raw transaction data is submitted to Ethereum, with execution and contract storage occurring off-chain. This makes the gas fee required on Arbitrum much smaller than on the mainnet, and contracts are fully compatible with no gas limit.
Odaily News: Bitget Wallet has announced its integration with RWA protocol Reality, opening trading access to over 1,700 rToken tokenized US stocks. Through this integration, users can trade tokenized US stocks 24/7 on Arbitrum and Morph without needing to open an overseas brokerage account, submit KYC, complete a W-8BEN form, or arrange a wire transfer. Dividends generated by the corresponding underlying assets will be credited to Bitget Wallet in USDT at a 1:1 ratio.Reality is a compliant tokenized asset issuance platform, licensed under El Salvador's digital asset issuance law framework. Its issued rTokens are backed 1:1 by real US stocks, currently supporting over 1,700 tokenized US stocks including rTSM, rNVDA, rAAPL, and rQQQ, covering approximately 95% of US market trading volume. rTokens can connect directly to liquidity across all US markets including Nasdaq and the NYSE, with underlying assets compliantly custodied by FINRA-licensed broker-dealer Alpaca Securities, maintaining a reserve ratio exceeding 100%, with third-party CPA firms issuing daily real-time Proof of Reserve (PoR). This integration will further advance Bitget Wallet's Everyday Finance strategy, aiming to enable users to seamlessly conduct everyday transactions of traditional financial assets through an on-chain wallet.
According to CoinDesk, newly established stablecoin bank Fasset has secured $68 million in funding led by SBI Group, achieving a valuation of $1 billion. The company reports an annualized trading volume exceeding $40 billion across 125 countries, with year-over-year revenue growth of approximately sixfold, and has been profitable for 12 consecutive months. Built on Arbitrum, Fasset operates its proprietary Layer 2 network, OWN, delivering stablecoin-settled cross-border payment services for institutional and individual clients. Additionally, it has partnered with SBI Remit to integrate with its remittance network spanning 200 countries.
Odaily报道: Satori Finance, a multi-chain decentralized exchange backed by investors including Polychain Capital and Coinbase Ventures, has announced it will cease operations and begin the closure process. The platform stated that due to "prolonged unfavorable market conditions," its revenue is insufficient to support continued operations, leading to the decision to gradually wind down. Users must withdraw their assets before 23:59 UTC on July 16, after which the platform will no longer be accessible.In 2022, Satori Finance completed a $10 million seed funding round led by Polychain Capital, with participation from Coinbase Ventures and Jump Crypto. The platform was deployed across multiple networks including Arbitrum, Optimism, and BNB Chain, and initially featured 25x leverage and an "points mining" incentive model. (The Block)
According to The Block, the DeFi lending protocol Radiant Capital has announced it will officially cease operations. The protocol suffered a hack in October 2024, losing approximately $51 million; the attacker gained unauthorized access by deploying backdoor contracts on Arbitrum and BNB Chain. Earlier in 2024, the protocol had also been hit by a flash loan attack, resulting in a loss of roughly 1,900 ETH (approximately $4.5 million). After 18 months of recovery efforts, Radiant Capital stated that it has neither recovered a significant portion of the stolen funds nor secured new financing, declaring that “the DAO has no viable path forward.” The protocol will now enter a “maintenance mode”: its frontend and smart contracts remain accessible, allowing users to withdraw funds, repay loans, and manage positions. Any funds recovered in the future will be returned to affected users.
: Web3 fintech startup Jia announced the completion of a $3 million seed funding round, with participation from Coinbase Ventures, Stellar Development Foundation, A100x Ventures, TCG, and Hashed Emergent.To date, Jia's total cumulative funding has reached $7.3 million. Jia currently operates multiple decentralized lending pools and introduces liquidity through networks including Base, Stellar, Arbitrum, and Polygon, while utilizing stablecoins for cross-border settlements to reduce remittance costs and settlement times.The new funds will be used to expand features such as corporate bank accounts and cash flow management.
Blockworks has announced the completion of a Series A extension funding round, achieving a post-money valuation of $192 million. The round was co-led by ParaFi Capital and Reciprocal Ventures, with support from Coinbase Ventures, MoonPay Ventures, and several other institutions and industry participants. The funding also attracted investments from over 20 founders and operators of ecosystem projects including Solana, LayerZero, Arbitrum, and Kraken, though the specific amount raised has not been disclosed.The company stated that while the crypto market has grown to a trillion-dollar scale lacking traditional capital market infrastructure, it still faces issues such as fragmented data, inconsistent disclosure standards, and a lack of investor communication mechanisms. Blockworks aims to fill this gap through a "data + disclosure + investor relations" tripartite architecture. (CNBC)
Odaily News: Bitget Wallet has announced its integration with RWA protocol Reality, opening trading access to over 1,700 rToken tokenized US stocks. Through this integration, users can trade tokenized US stocks 24/7 on Arbitrum and Morph without needing to open an overseas brokerage account, submit KYC, complete a W-8BEN form, or arrange a wire transfer. Dividends generated by the corresponding underlying assets will be credited to Bitget Wallet in USDT at a 1:1 ratio.Reality is a compliant tokenized asset issuance platform, licensed under El Salvador's digital asset issuance law framework. Its issued rTokens are backed 1:1 by real US stocks, currently supporting over 1,700 tokenized US stocks including rTSM, rNVDA, rAAPL, and rQQQ, covering approximately 95% of US market trading volume. rTokens can connect directly to liquidity across all US markets including Nasdaq and the NYSE, with underlying assets compliantly custodied by FINRA-licensed broker-dealer Alpaca Securities, maintaining a reserve ratio exceeding 100%, with third-party CPA firms issuing daily real-time Proof of Reserve (PoR). This integration will further advance Bitget Wallet's Everyday Finance strategy, aiming to enable users to seamlessly conduct everyday transactions of traditional financial assets through an on-chain wallet.
According to The Defiant, Arbitrum officially activated the ArbOS 61 Elara upgrade on August 20, which was approved for deployment via an ArbitrumDAO governance vote. The core features of this upgrade include: introducing an optional protocol-level transaction filtering mechanism for Dedicated Chains, allowing chain owners to independently select external compliance service providers such as TRM Labs and Chainalysis to configure restricted address rules; the filter is disabled by default and does not affect existing Arbitrum One users; adding Priority Fee support, also disabled by default, with its activation on Arbitrum One still requiring a separate DAO constitutional vote; introducing the BaseFeeManager contract, which authorizes Offchain Labs to adjust the L2 minimum Gas fee within a DAO-approved range of 0.01 to 0.10 gwei over a two-year authorization period; additionally, the maximum code size limit for Stylus contracts has been increased from 24 KB to 96 KB, though this does not apply to Solidity contracts.
Odaily Odaily News According to MAX monitoring, on July 16, the Cascade CLS treasury suspectedly experienced a security vulnerability, resulting in approximately $1.3 million in user fund losses. The platform has suspended all trading and withdrawals and has invited SEAL 911 and other third-party security teams to investigate and handle the incident. Cascade is a 24/7 multi-asset perpetual contract platform headquartered in New York, targeting the US market. It supports deposits via Arbitrum USDC or bank accounts and is currently still in an invitation-only private testing phase.
Ostium, a decentralized perpetual exchange, suffered an oracle attack on Wednesday, resulting in losses of approximately 18 million USDC. The attacker submitted false price reports for future dates using compromised oracle signing keys, generating fictitious trading profits and receiving payouts from the Ostium liquidity vault. Ostium stated that it has identified the issue with the OLP vault, has suspended all trading, and the team is currently investigating. Deployed on Arbitrum, Ostium offers perpetual futures trading for real-world assets including stocks, commodities, forex markets, and indices. At the time of the attack, the total value locked (TVL) in the Ostium protocol was approximately $63 million. The attack drained nearly one-third of this liquidity. In the first five months of 2026, DeFi protocols have lost over $840 million to exploits, including $292 million from KelpDAO and $285 million from Drift Protocol.
Robinhood has announced the official launch of the public mainnet for its proprietary Layer 2 network, Robinhood Chain. Built on the Arbitrum technology stack, the chain is positioned as an institution-grade, permissionless, AI-native network specifically designed for Real World Assets (RWA).Robinhood Chain's launch partners include Uniswap, Pleiades, Alchemy, BitGo, and Chainlink. Among them, Uniswap will deploy a dedicated AMM on the chain as the primary public liquidity protocol, while Pleiades will deploy its own AMM as the primary proprietary trading venue. The chain will also offer basic DeFi functionalities such as lending.Eligible users can trade tokenized stocks 24/7 on Robinhood Chain. Simultaneously, Robinhood Earn will introduce USDG-based decentralized lending products within the main app. In certain jurisdictions, the new version of Robinhood Wallet will also support access to Lighter's perpetual contract trading.Robinhood also announced the expansion of its European perpetual contract product range, its official entry into the Canadian market, and the acquisition of a Singapore Capital Markets Services license. Furthermore, Agentic Accounts for crypto trading are planned to begin rolling out in the US soon, allowing AI agents to participate in trading and fund management.Robinhood stated that this update represents its most ambitious global expansion and product vision to date, with the goal of establishing a more direct connection between traditional finance and DeFi, integrating stocks, crypto, RWA, perpetual contracts, and AI trading into a unified financial experience. (The Block)
Mastercard is expanding its settlement network to support regulated stablecoins, planning to introduce stablecoin settlement, intraday settlement, as well as weekend and holiday settlement services to meet the demand for real-time fund movement.According to the introduction, the new settlement framework will operate in parallel with the existing fiat settlement system, providing financial institutions with more flexible liquidity management solutions. The first supported stablecoins include Circle-issued USDC, Paxos-issued PYUSD, USDG and USDP, Ripple-issued RLUSD, and SoFiUSD.The related services will cover blockchain networks such as Ethereum, Solana, Polygon, Base, Arbitrum, and XRPL. (CoinDesk)
According to monitoring by on-chain analyst Yu Jin, in the 70 days since Robinhood Chain launched, total on-chain revenue has reached $42.58 million, equivalent to approximately 17,171 ETH, with an average daily revenue of about $608,000. Robinhood Chain accounts for 90% of the revenue, totaling 15,454 ETH (approximately $38.32 million), while Arbitrum, as the technology provider, receives the remaining 10%, amounting to 1,716 ETH (approximately $4.26 million).
Odaily News – Just two months after its launch, Robinhood Chain has seen cumulative transaction fees rise to $13.05 million, setting a new all-time high. Based on the annualized average of the last 30 days of fee revenue, the annualized revenue scale stands at approximately $110 million. At current cumulative revenue levels, roughly $1.3 million will flow directly to the Arbitrum ecosystem. Under the cooperation licensing agreement between the two parties, Robinhood Chain is required to return 10% of its protocol net revenue to the Arbitrum ecosystem, with 8% going to the Arbitrum DAO treasury and 2% to the Arbitrum Developer Guild.
Odaily News: As of August, cumulative top-ups on USDC- and USDT-linked stablecoin cards have reached $13.8 billion, an increase of nearly $10 billion over the past 12 months. Stablecoin cards are shifting USDC and USDT from trading balances toward everyday consumer use cases.USDC currently leads in tracked card spending, while USDT is accelerating its catch-up. The two follow different adoption paths: USDC benefits more from fintech integrations and payment infrastructure, whereas USDT is more active across exchanges, remittances, and emerging markets.On-chain settlement also reflects a multi-chain distribution, with Base leading at approximately $1.2 billion, followed by Solana at $635 million, Polygon at $544 million, and Optimism at $509 million. Networks such as Arbitrum, Scroll, Ethereum, and Stellar are also carrying significant activity.Stablecoin cards still rely on traditional payment networks like Visa and Mastercard, shifting the competitive focus toward custody, FX costs, cashback, and capital efficiency. Meanwhile, Circle has renewed its USDC partnership with Coinbase under the original terms, excluding any dividend arrangements. (Bitcoin.com News)
Odaily News: Coinbase has announced that it will stop supporting USDC deposits and withdrawals on the Noble network as of August 17. USDC deposits and withdrawals on other supported networks, including Ethereum, Base, Solana, Arbitrum, Optimism, and Polygon, remain unaffected. Coinbase reminds users not to transfer funds to its Noble network USDC deposit address after August 17, as such funds may be irretrievable.
Odaily Odaily News According to MAX monitoring, on July 16, the Cascade CLS treasury suspectedly experienced a security vulnerability, resulting in approximately $1.3 million in user fund losses. The platform has suspended all trading and withdrawals and has invited SEAL 911 and other third-party security teams to investigate and handle the incident. Cascade is a 24/7 multi-asset perpetual contract platform headquartered in New York, targeting the US market. It supports deposits via Arbitrum USDC or bank accounts and is currently still in an invitation-only private testing phase.
according to on-chain analyst Yujin's monitoring, half an hour ago, an address (0x321...bfd9) with the DeBank username musti_akrep profited 23.75 million USDC by exploiting a vulnerability on Perp DEX Ostium and withdrew it. The 23.75 million USDC was withdrawn to the Arbitrum chain and immediately exchanged for 12,085 ETH at a price of $1,965. Currently, these 12,085 ETH remain on the Arbitrum chain.
Odaily News: DefiLlama data shows that hackers stole $247 million in crypto assets in July, making it the second-highest month since 2026, trailing only April's $644 million; this figure represents a significant increase from June's $75 million and May's $60 million. Galaxy Digital stated that the Coldcard vulnerability was the largest attack event of the month, confirming three rounds of attacks involving 7,300 wallets, with at least $100 million in Bitcoin stolen; the firm also identified a suspected fourth round of attacks, which could bring total losses to approximately $130 million. DefiLlama's hack tracker estimates losses related to this vulnerability at $115 million. Other attacks in July include a $9 million exploit on decentralized finance protocol Bonzo Lend, a $2.6 million theft from Cardano-based wallet SecondFi, a $24 million theft from Arbitrum-based perpetual trading platform AFX, and a $7.5 million theft from the Verus Ethereum Bridge.
According to Cointelegraph, the cross-chain bridging and atomic swap protocol Garden Finance temporarily took its application offline after detecting abnormal activity on July 27. Blockchain security firm Blockaid disclosed that attackers exploited a vulnerability in Garden Finance's Hash Time Locked Contracts (HTLC), stealing a total of approximately $450,000 worth of USDT across four networks: Ethereum, Base, Arbitrum, and BNB Smart Chain.
据 Blockaid 监测,Arbitrum 生态协议 AFX 于北京时间 7月 23日 5:30 遭攻击。此次攻击针对 AFX 运营的跨链桥,迄今已导致协议约 2415 万枚 USDC 被转移。Blockaid 称,正与 Arbitrum 团队协作响应事件,并协助相关协议控制被盗资金风险。
Odaily Odaily News According to MAX monitoring, on July 16, the Cascade CLS treasury suspectedly experienced a security vulnerability, resulting in approximately $1.3 million in user fund losses. The platform has suspended all trading and withdrawals and has invited SEAL 911 and other third-party security teams to investigate and handle the incident. Cascade is a 24/7 multi-asset perpetual contract platform headquartered in New York, targeting the US market. It supports deposits via Arbitrum USDC or bank accounts and is currently still in an invitation-only private testing phase.
Ostium, a decentralized perpetual exchange, suffered an oracle attack on Wednesday, resulting in losses of approximately 18 million USDC. The attacker submitted false price reports for future dates using compromised oracle signing keys, generating fictitious trading profits and receiving payouts from the Ostium liquidity vault. Ostium stated that it has identified the issue with the OLP vault, has suspended all trading, and the team is currently investigating. Deployed on Arbitrum, Ostium offers perpetual futures trading for real-world assets including stocks, commodities, forex markets, and indices. At the time of the attack, the total value locked (TVL) in the Ostium protocol was approximately $63 million. The attack drained nearly one-third of this liquidity. In the first five months of 2026, DeFi protocols have lost over $840 million to exploits, including $292 million from KelpDAO and $285 million from Drift Protocol.
according to on-chain analyst Yujin's monitoring, half an hour ago, an address (0x321...bfd9) with the DeBank username musti_akrep profited 23.75 million USDC by exploiting a vulnerability on Perp DEX Ostium and withdrew it. The 23.75 million USDC was withdrawn to the Arbitrum chain and immediately exchanged for 12,085 ETH at a price of $1,965. Currently, these 12,085 ETH remain on the Arbitrum chain.
Odaily News: Bitget Wallet has announced its integration with RWA protocol Reality, opening trading access to over 1,700 rToken tokenized US stocks. Through this integration, users can trade tokenized US stocks 24/7 on Arbitrum and Morph without needing to open an overseas brokerage account, submit KYC, complete a W-8BEN form, or arrange a wire transfer. Dividends generated by the corresponding underlying assets will be credited to Bitget Wallet in USDT at a 1:1 ratio.Reality is a compliant tokenized asset issuance platform, licensed under El Salvador's digital asset issuance law framework. Its issued rTokens are backed 1:1 by real US stocks, currently supporting over 1,700 tokenized US stocks including rTSM, rNVDA, rAAPL, and rQQQ, covering approximately 95% of US market trading volume. rTokens can connect directly to liquidity across all US markets including Nasdaq and the NYSE, with underlying assets compliantly custodied by FINRA-licensed broker-dealer Alpaca Securities, maintaining a reserve ratio exceeding 100%, with third-party CPA firms issuing daily real-time Proof of Reserve (PoR). This integration will further advance Bitget Wallet's Everyday Finance strategy, aiming to enable users to seamlessly conduct everyday transactions of traditional financial assets through an on-chain wallet.
According to monitoring by on-chain analyst Yu Jin, in the 70 days since Robinhood Chain launched, total on-chain revenue has reached $42.58 million, equivalent to approximately 17,171 ETH, with an average daily revenue of about $608,000. Robinhood Chain accounts for 90% of the revenue, totaling 15,454 ETH (approximately $38.32 million), while Arbitrum, as the technology provider, receives the remaining 10%, amounting to 1,716 ETH (approximately $4.26 million).
Odaily News: Gate has officially launched a new one-stop on-chain trading product, "FOMO Hunter," aggregating hot multi-chain assets and Meme trading scenarios. It covers multiple major public chains including Robinhood, SOL, ETH, Gate Layer, BSC, Base, SUI, ARB, World Chain, AVAX, Polygon, LINEA, ZK, OP, and Berachain, supporting hot Memes, promising small-cap tokens, and various other types of on-chain assets.In terms of trading fees, "FOMO Hunter" applies a unified 0.5% buy and sell fee rate. Users trading Robinhood Chain assets through "FOMO Hunter" can also enjoy a limited-time Gas (network fee) waiver. For the trading experience, users can directly trade on-chain using their Gate account assets without needing to create or connect a wallet, or frequently transfer assets or switch networks. They can also query real-time quotes and K-line charts via token names or contract addresses, enabling "search-to-trade." Additionally, "FOMO Hunter" focuses on a Meme social trading ecosystem, supporting features such as Callout leaderboards, KOL leaderboards, and active account displays. Furthermore, leveraging Gate's deep liquidity and high-performance matching engine, it further enhances on-chain trade execution efficiency while reducing wait times and slippage.This launch further lowers the barrier for users to participate in on-chain trading and enriches Gate's Web3 asset trading scenarios. Going forward, Gate will continue to improve its on-chain trading infrastructure and product experience, providing users with more convenient and diversified Web3 trading services.
Sunrise has announced that Arbitrum's token, ARB, is now live on Solana through Sunrise and can be traded on applications such as Phantom, Solflare, Jupiter, fomo, Archer, DFlow, Titan, Kamino Swap, and Mayan.
Odaily News - Users can now send supported tokens from networks such as Ethereum, Base, Arbitrum, and Sui directly to Jupiter without using bridge tools, and receive USDC directly in their Solana wallet. This feature integrates routing, cross-chain bridging, and swap processes, eliminating the need for users to switch networks or execute additional transactions. The service currently adopts a unified fixed fee structure, charging $0.30 per transaction—whether the transfer amount is $100 or $10 million, the fee remains the same.
An unaudited report released by the Arbitrum Foundation shows that Arbitrum DAO generated $6.19 million in revenue in the first half of 2026, primarily from Arbitrum One transaction fees, Timeboost priority auctions, Expansion Program license fees, and treasury management yields, with the protocol revenue gross margin exceeding 97%. As of the end of June, the DAO held $125 million in non-ARB treasury assets.
Odaily News: Bitget Wallet has announced its integration with RWA protocol Reality, opening trading access to over 1,700 rToken tokenized US stocks. Through this integration, users can trade tokenized US stocks 24/7 on Arbitrum and Morph without needing to open an overseas brokerage account, submit KYC, complete a W-8BEN form, or arrange a wire transfer. Dividends generated by the corresponding underlying assets will be credited to Bitget Wallet in USDT at a 1:1 ratio.Reality is a compliant tokenized asset issuance platform, licensed under El Salvador's digital asset issuance law framework. Its issued rTokens are backed 1:1 by real US stocks, currently supporting over 1,700 tokenized US stocks including rTSM, rNVDA, rAAPL, and rQQQ, covering approximately 95% of US market trading volume. rTokens can connect directly to liquidity across all US markets including Nasdaq and the NYSE, with underlying assets compliantly custodied by FINRA-licensed broker-dealer Alpaca Securities, maintaining a reserve ratio exceeding 100%, with third-party CPA firms issuing daily real-time Proof of Reserve (PoR). This integration will further advance Bitget Wallet's Everyday Finance strategy, aiming to enable users to seamlessly conduct everyday transactions of traditional financial assets through an on-chain wallet.
Odaily News: According to a latest research report by Standard Chartered, the tokenized stocks market is projected to grow approximately 250 times by 2028. The bank believes that Arbitrum's business model is expected to help traditional financial institutions migrate assets and operations on-chain, and benefit from the development of tokenized stocks and other real-world assets.As of early September, the tokenized stocks market size was approximately $2.9 billion, making it one of the fastest-growing asset categories in the real-world assets sector.
According to monitoring by on-chain analyst Yu Jin, in the 70 days since Robinhood Chain launched, total on-chain revenue has reached $42.58 million, equivalent to approximately 17,171 ETH, with an average daily revenue of about $608,000. Robinhood Chain accounts for 90% of the revenue, totaling 15,454 ETH (approximately $38.32 million), while Arbitrum, as the technology provider, receives the remaining 10%, amounting to 1,716 ETH (approximately $4.26 million).
Odaily News: Gate has officially launched a new one-stop on-chain trading product, "FOMO Hunter," aggregating hot multi-chain assets and Meme trading scenarios. It covers multiple major public chains including Robinhood, SOL, ETH, Gate Layer, BSC, Base, SUI, ARB, World Chain, AVAX, Polygon, LINEA, ZK, OP, and Berachain, supporting hot Memes, promising small-cap tokens, and various other types of on-chain assets.In terms of trading fees, "FOMO Hunter" applies a unified 0.5% buy and sell fee rate. Users trading Robinhood Chain assets through "FOMO Hunter" can also enjoy a limited-time Gas (network fee) waiver. For the trading experience, users can directly trade on-chain using their Gate account assets without needing to create or connect a wallet, or frequently transfer assets or switch networks. They can also query real-time quotes and K-line charts via token names or contract addresses, enabling "search-to-trade." Additionally, "FOMO Hunter" focuses on a Meme social trading ecosystem, supporting features such as Callout leaderboards, KOL leaderboards, and active account displays. Furthermore, leveraging Gate's deep liquidity and high-performance matching engine, it further enhances on-chain trade execution efficiency while reducing wait times and slippage.This launch further lowers the barrier for users to participate in on-chain trading and enriches Gate's Web3 asset trading scenarios. Going forward, Gate will continue to improve its on-chain trading infrastructure and product experience, providing users with more convenient and diversified Web3 trading services.
Sunrise has announced that Arbitrum's token, ARB, is now live on Solana through Sunrise and can be traded on applications such as Phantom, Solflare, Jupiter, fomo, Archer, DFlow, Titan, Kamino Swap, and Mayan.
: Arbitrum Co-founder Steven Goldfeder stated that the industry should not fall into the "narrative trap" of simply comparing on-chain transaction prices. He noted that both Arbitrum One and Robinhood Chain actively guard against harmful MEV such as front-running, and that some chains marketing low fees actually impose higher MEV costs, with retail users potentially bearing additional losses through "hidden costs" like front-running and sandwich attacks.Solana Co-founder Toly responded that Arbitrum currently has wider bid-ask spreads and higher fees, and that even the cost equivalent to a 10% revenue share on fees alone already exceeds sandwich trading rates — with worse spreads factored in, he estimates total costs are roughly 10 times higher. Toly further argued that a model driven by a single sequencer pursuing shareholder profit maximization can never defeat permissionless market competition.