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Vitalik: Diamond iO Enables Programs to Run While Hiding Internal Logic and Critical Data
Odaily Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has published a new article introducing Diamond iO, a novel cryptographic obfuscation technique. This technology aims to address the extreme inefficiency of traditional indistinguishability obfuscation (iO) schemes, allowing programs to execute while hiding their internal logic and critical data. Traditional iO technology offers privacy protection but at a high computational cost. Diamond iO, by adopting more aggressive new cryptographic assumptions, improves computational efficiency from "cosmological time" to "planetary time," bringing it closer to practical application. Diamond iO is built on technologies such as Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). It encrypts programs, enabling users to execute the encrypted program and obtain correct outputs without viewing its internal code or hidden keys. This scheme introduces a new input encoding mechanism and conditional decryption method, reducing computational complexity while ensuring program logic is hidden. Its core application scenarios include protecting programs containing private keys, enabling secure software licensing, building trustless cryptographic services, and supporting blockchain and AI systems with stronger privacy guarantees.Diamond iO is still in its early research stages. Its security depends on novel cryptographic assumptions, including All-Product LWE and Evasive LWE, which require further research and validation. At the same time, the technology still faces efficiency challenges such as high computational overhead and circuit depth limitations. Researchers believe that by optimizing underlying hash functions, improving homomorphic encryption schemes, and reducing security parameter requirements, Diamond iO has the potential to become an important direction for advancing practical program obfuscation technology in the future.
Vitalik: Cryptographic Obfuscation Achieves Milestone Progress, But Practical Implementation Still Faces "Universe-Level" Performance Challenges
As disclosed in Vitalik Buterin's blog post (June 29, 2026), the most powerful primitive in the field of cryptography—indistinguishability obfuscation (iO)—has been theoretically achieved under reasonable security assumptions, but the current scheme's runtime still far exceeds the lifespan of the universe, leaving a huge gap to practical application. iO can transform any program into an "encrypted program", preserving input-output functionality while hiding internal logic, and is regarded as the ultimate cryptographic tool approaching a "trustless trusted third party". Combined with blockchain, it can theoretically enable high-value applications such as secure private voting systems without multi-party committees. The existing strictest schemes require nesting multiple layers of cryptographic primitives such as Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), Functional Encryption (FE), and Randomized Encoding (XiO), superimposed with sub-exponential security parameter requirements, resulting in comprehensive overhead reaching the order of λ10λ10, making it practically inoperable. The article points out three future breakthrough paths: first, compressing the existing technology stack through algorithm optimization; second, building simpler schemes based on more aggressive lattice cryptography assumptions (such as diamond iO); third, exploring entirely new constructions that do not rely on lattices at all (such as local mixed obfuscation). The author believes that once any path succeeds, it will mean that the "problem is basically solved" in the field of cryptography.